男人! Men!
还有女人。 And women.
几个世纪以来，人们一直在激烈地争论着 For centuries, people have argued ferociously about
无论我们是否生来就有不同的大脑。 whether or not we are born with different brains.
我们在生活中有不同的角色 We have different roles in life
我想这就是为什么我们的大脑有不同的线路。 and I think that's why our brains are wired differently.
男人肯定更擅长导航和读图。 Men are definitely better at navigation and map reading.
女人的恐慌更多一点。根据经验？不是。 Women panic a little bit more. From experience? No.
现在，我们似乎越来越接近一个答案了。 Now it seems we're getting close to an answer.
我想一定是有什么误会。 I thought there must be a mistake.
我不习惯研究的结果像这次一样干净利落。 I'm not used to results of studies coming out as clean as this one.
利用新技术，科学家们最近发现 With new technology, scientists have recently identified
男性和女性大脑中的微妙差异。 subtle differences in the brains of men and women.
那里更多。 It's more there.
可以帮助解释所感知的优势和劣势的差异。 Differences that could help explain perceived strengths and weaknesses.
我很惊讶，他们有如此明显的不同。 I was surprised that they were so significantly different.
来吧，巴巴利人！ Come on, Barbaries!
但这项研究是有争议的，并提出了一些困难的问题。 But the research is controversial and raises difficult questions.
有趣的是，他对这些娃娃完全不感兴趣。 Funny, but he's completely uninterested in the dolls.
大脑的差异是天生的吗？ Are brain differences innate?
还是被我们周围的世界所塑造？ Or are they shaped by the world around us?
如果有人对你说 "科学家 "这个词，你脑子里会出现什么？ If somebody says the word "scientist" to you, what comes into your head?
人。一个男人。通常是一个男人。 Man. A man. Usually a man.
是的，我也得到了一个男人的形象。 Yeah, I get the image as well of a man.
我们正在寻找神话背后的真相。 We're searching for the truth behind the myths.
DIY往往不是他们的强项之一。 DIY doesn't tend to be one of their strong points.
男人只是表现得好像他们什么都知道 Men just act like they know everything
而他们不一定。 and they don't necessarily.
我们将测试科学... We'll be testing the science...
哦，不！哦，上帝！ Oh, no! Oh, God!
...并挑战旧的陈规定型观念。 ..and challenging old stereotypes.
不会吧！？这很疯狂，不可能。 No way! It's crazy, no way.
我们可以超越通常关于谁更擅长停车的争论 We can go beyond the usual arguments about who's better at parking
或谁更善于解读情绪 or who is better at reading emotions
并看一看一些真正的科学。 and have a look at some of the real science.
我们要看一下已经提出的研究结果 We're going to look at research which has thrown up
令人惊讶的性别差异，这可能有重要的 surprising sex differences, which may have important
对科学和我们的健康的影响。 implications for science and our health.
我们生活在一个性别平等程度提高的时代。 We live in an age of increased gender equality.
但是，两性之间的分歧往往似乎从未如此之大。 But it often seems the division between the sexes has never been greater.
只要我们一出生。 As soon as we're born,
鼓励男孩和女孩以不同方式进行游戏。 boys and girls are encouraged to play in different ways.
而所有的理由往往是生物学。 And all too often the justification is biology.
嗯，当然，我们都听说过男人是来自火星的 Well, of course, we've all heard that men are from Mars
和女人都来自金星，但最近似乎 and women are from Venus, but it seems that recently
我们已经被科普书籍和报纸文章所淹没。 we've been inundated with popular science books and newspaper articles,
所有声称向我们提供的最新科学证据表明 all purporting to present us with the latest scientific evidence showing
男性和女性的大脑确实存在差异。 that there really are differences in male and female brains.
男人本来就更擅长数学。 Men are meant to be better at maths,
女性应该更善于阅读 women are meant to be better at reading
和任何情感方面的东西，但对我来说，真正关键的要求是 and just about anything emotional, but for me, the really crucial claim
是，这些差异在我们的大脑中是硬性规定的。 is that these differences are hard wired in our brains.
你可能认为这一切都很有趣 You might think it's all a bit of fun
但在一个物理学高考成绩不到十分之三的国家里 but in a country where fewer than three out of ten physics A-levels
是由女孩担任的，其中只有7%的工程师是女性。 are taken by girls, where just 7% of engineers are women,
而男性的收入仍然比他们的女性同事平均高出近20%。 and where men still earn on average nearly 20% more than their female colleagues,
这些科学主张是强大的，并具有潜在的破坏性。 these scientific claims are powerful and potentially damaging.
我不认为女孩是这场辩论中唯一的失败者。 I don't think girls are the only losers in this debate.
男孩也面临着压力。 Boys face pressures too.
在现代世界，所谓的软技能，如沟通 In the modern world, so-called soft skills like communication
和情商，了解别人的想法 and emotional intelligence, understanding what other people
他们的思想和感觉，越来越受到重视。 are thinking and feeling, are increasingly valued.
那么，男孩们是否错过了，因为他们根本没有机会 So are boys missing out because they simply haven't had
鼓励自己的那一面。 that side of themselves encouraged,
还是有什么更根本的问题？ or is something more fundamental going on?
这是一个古老的问题-- It's the age-old question -
两性之间的差异是自然的结果吗？ are the differences between the sexes the results of nature?
或者是培养？ Or is it nurture?
我将关注这些可能的差异 I'll be looking at these possible differences
在男人和女人的大脑中，并探索在何种程度上 in the brains of men and women and exploring to what extent
他们可能会受到环境影响的影响。 they might be affected by environmental influences.
而我将研究基因和荷尔蒙所发挥的作用 And I'll be investigating the role that genes and hormones play
在塑造我们的大脑和我们的行为。 in shaping our brains and our behaviour.
但是男人和女人真的有那么大的区别吗？ But are men and women really all that different?
男人在某些方面更出色，女人在其他方面更出色吗？ Are men better at some things and women better at others?
我们将进行一些测试来找出答案。 We're going to run some tests to find out.
我们汇集了不同年龄段的六位男性和六位女性 We've brought together six men and six women of different ages
和背景，不同的兴趣和职业。 and backgrounds, different interests and professions.
我想肯定是男人的大脑有不同的线路。 I think definitely men's brains are wired differently,
通常来自女性的大脑。 typically from women's brains.
驾驶，我认为男人在这方面要好很多。 Driving, I think men are a lot better at.
很多事情，我认为男人比女人更擅长，实际上。 Quite a lot of things, I think men are better at than women, actually.
我认为男人似乎不是特别有组织。 I think men don't seem to be particularly organised.
我认为女性擅长的是，比如，住房技能。 I think women are good at, like, housing skills,
比如，很明显，洗漱。 like, obviously, washing up,
但远不止于此。 but much more than that,
比如确保房子干净之类的。 like making sure the house is clean and stuff.
首先，我们要测试一组技能 First up, we're going to test a set of skills
许多男人认为他们在这方面有天生的天赋。 which many men believe they're naturally gifted at.
现在，他们所做的测试所测量的是 Now, what the tests they're doing are measuring
是视觉空间能力。 are visual spatial ability,
你需要的技能，例如，为你的方式导航 the skill you need, for example, to navigate your way
绕过一个未知的城市，如果你想成为一名工程师，也很有用。 round an unknown city, also useful if you want to be an engineer.
我认为我的空间意识很好。 I think I'm pretty good at spatial awareness.
我很会看地图，方向感相当好。 I'm quite good at reading a map, quite a good sense of direction.
空间意识，我想我是相当不错的。 Spatial awareness, I like to think I'm quite good.
所有的男人都认为自己会看地图，不愿意问路 All men think they can map read and don't want to ask directions
但我确实认为我非常好。 but I do think I'm very good.
他们只是表现得好像他们知道一切 They just act like they know everything
而他们不一定。 and they don't necessarily.
是的，好吧，我直接去找一张城市的地图。 Yeah, well, I'd go straight and find a map of the city,
旅游信息，然后你就可以找到自己的路了。 tourist information, and then you can find your way around.
这很简单。 It's pretty simple.
在这个测试中。 In this test,
我们的志愿者必须在他们的头脑中旋转一个几何形状。 our volunteers must rotate a geometric shape in their heads.
我们已经向他们展示了一个主形状。 We've presented them with a master shape.
当这个形状被旋转的时候。 When this shape is rotated,
它与其他四个形状中的哪两个相匹配？ which two of the other four shapes does it match?
匹配的形状是B和C。 The matching shapes were B and C.
我以为我已经把它钉死了。 I thought I had it nailed,
最初的几个，但后来我开始怀疑自己 the first couple, but then I started to doubt myself
所以我发现自己的速度越来越慢。 so I found myself getting slower and slower.
你试图在你的头脑中转动它们，这相当困难 You try to turn them in your head and it's quite difficult
我有点像，"啊！" and I was sort of like, "Ah!"
接下来是线角测试。 Next, the line angle test.
我们的志愿者得到了扇形的图示 Our volunteers are presented with fan-shaped diagrams
由不同角度的线条组成。 made up of lines placed at different angles.
在页面的顶部有一个单行，然后他们必须 At the top of the page is a single line which they must then
从主图中挑出。 pick out from the main diagram.
答案是E。 The answer was E.
那个角度，相当困难 That angle one, it was quite difficult
因为在角度上没有太大的不同。 because there wasn't that much different in the angle.
不像你可能期望的那样明显，你知道。 Not as obvious as you might expect, you know.
好吧，愚蠢的我在想，"哦，这是不一样的长度"。 Well, foolishly I was thinking, "Oh, it's different lengths,"
所以我会猜测哪一个是长度。 so I'll guess which one is the length,
所以我在脑子里完全搞错了。 so I got it completely wrong in my head.
虽然也有例外。 Although there were exceptions,
平均而言，男性的表现比女性略好。 on average, the men did slightly better than the women.
最近在网上完成了类似的测试 Similar tests were recently completed online
由20多万人。 by over 200,000 people.
在53个国家中，男性的表现明显优于女性。 Across 53 countries, men significantly outperformed women.
但是，虽然男性似乎有优势，当谈到 But while men seemed to have the edge when it comes
到一些空间技能。 to some spatial skills,
在其他领域，据说妇女也有优势。 there are other fields where women are said to have an advantage.
女性更善于解读人们的情绪。 Women are better at reading people's emotions.
男人可以不那么敏感 Guys can be a bit less sensitive
对人们的需求或情感上的不快。 to people's needs or discomforts emotionally.
你知道，他们只是看到外面 You know, they just see the outside
而他们有时并不真正理解。 and they don't really understand sometimes.
当然，女性在刻板印象中是要在情感方面做得更好的。 Of course, women are stereotypically meant to be better at emotions
和同理心，但我认为我们真的需要 and empathy, but I think we really need
来检验这种定型观念。 to put that stereotype to the test.
我们要求我们的志愿者完成 We're asking our volunteers to complete
日内瓦情绪识别测试。 the Geneva Emotion Recognition Test.
他们看到的是一系列演员表达的视频剪辑。 They're presented with a series of video clips of actors expressing
一系列不同的情绪... a range of different emotions...
...然后他们必须识别。 ..which they must then identify.
演员们都在用假的语言说话 The actors are speaking in a made-up language
所以我们的志愿者必须依靠其他手段来衡量正确的情绪。 so our volunteers must rely on other means to gauge the correct emotion.
做我们测试的男人和女人似乎有 The men and women who did our test seemed to have
相当不同的经验。 quite different experiences.
我真的很喜欢它，真的很喜欢那个测试。 I really enjoyed it, really enjoyed that test.
他们说话的语气和他们的行动方式。 The tone in their voice and the way they're moving,
整个身体语言，你必须把所有这些都考虑进去。 the whole body language, you have to take all that on board.
对我来说，这个测试比空间测试容易得多。 That test for me was much easier than the spatial test.
我发现这个人比较容易。 I found this one easier.
我认为我做得很好，但有些部分让我感到很难过。 I think I did OK but some parts made me feel quite sad
当人们表现出更多悲伤或愤怒的情绪时。 when people were displaying the more sad or angry emotions.
听不懂人们在说什么，所以要真正地 Couldn't understand what the people were saying, so to actually
捕捉人们的情绪是一个比较棘手的问题。 pick up people's emotions was a little bit more tricky.
好吧，我显然没有做得很好。 Well, I obviously didn't do very well.
我想这可能表明我更关注的是 I think that may indicate perhaps that I pay more attention
对实际话语和人们所说的话，比其他事情更有意义。 to the actual words and what people say, than other things
如语气、面部表情、手势等。 like tone of voice, facial expression, gestures, etc.
当日内瓦大学进行他们的情绪识别测试时 When the University of Geneva gave their emotion recognition test
近300名男子和妇女。 to nearly 300 men and women,
女性的得分比男性略高。 the women scored slightly higher than the men,
这一结果被紧密地复制了 a result that's been closely replicated
在世界各地的类似测试中。 in similar tests around the world.
现在，我认为这些行为上的差异 Now, I think these behavioural differences
是我们与生俱来的东西。 are something we're born with.
我不认为事情有那么简单。 I don't think it's that simple.
我认为大多数差异是学来的，而不是硬性规定的。 I think most differences are learned rather than hard-wired.
对，好的。 Right, OK.
我们该何去何从？ Where do we go from here?
那么，爱丽丝，你是否接受这样的观点，即，平均而言。 So, Alice, do you accept the idea that, on average,
男性在智力旋转测试中往往表现更好 men tend to do better at mental rotation tests
以及女性往往在情感测试中表现更好？ and that women tend to perform better with emotional tests?
是的，我认为我们必须接受这个事实。 Yeah, I think we have to accept that fact.
我想质疑的是，这些差异是否 What I would question is whether those differences
从一开始就在那里。 are there right from the beginning.
你知道，它们是以某种方式天生的吗？它是一种学习的能力吗？ You know, are they somehow innate? Is it a learned aptitude?
但我发现，几乎不可能相信荷尔蒙 But I find it almost impossible to believe that the hormones
你在子宫里接触到的东西是不是也会以某种方式影响到你的身体？ you're exposed to in the womb don't also somehow influence
你的大脑架构是如何形成的。 how your brain architecture forms,
因此，这就是我想找出的原因。 and so that's what I want to find out.
是的，我们将进一步讨论这个问题。 Yeah, we'll discuss it further.
是的，也许会有一些掰手腕的动作。 Yeah, maybe a bit of arm wrestling.
男性和女性之间似乎确实存在一些行为上的差异 There do seem to be some behavioural differences between men and women
但我们无法就其原因达成一致。 but we can't agree on what causes them.
如果迈克尔是对的，这些差异是硬性规定的。 If Michael's right and these differences are hard-wired,
那么在我们的大脑中是否有一些物理证据呢？ then could there be some physical evidence inside our brains
来支持这个？ to support this?
我是一个解剖学家，根据我对大脑的了解。 I'm an anatomist, and from what I know about the brain,
令人惊讶的是，很难将行为差异与解剖学联系起来。 it's surprisingly hard to link behavioural differences to anatomy.
对了，这是一个女性大脑和一个男性大脑。 Right, this is a female brain and a male brain,
而关于两者之间的差异，有大量的争论。 and there's an enormous amount of debate about the differences
男性和女性的大脑之间。 between male and female brains,
但有一件事是大家都同意的。 but there's one thing that everybody agrees on,
那就是男人的大脑往往比女人的大脑大。 and that is that men's brains tend to be larger than women's brains.
但我们必须记住，存在着巨大的差异性 But we have to remember that there is an enormous amount of variation
在每个性别内也是如此，所以事实上，有一些男人 within each sex as well, so in fact, there are some men
脑子非常小的人，也有一些脑子非常大的女人。 with very small brains, and there are some women with very large brains,
而这里有一个例子。 and here's an example.
所以这也是一个男性的大脑。 So this is also a male brain,
而事实上，正如你所看到的，它比这个大脑小得多。 and in fact it's, as you can see, it's a lot smaller than this brain.
它也比女性的大脑小很多 It's also a lot smaller than the female brain
我们已经有了的东西在桌子上。 that we've got on the table.
尽管男性大脑平均比女性大脑大10%左右。 Although male brains are on average around 10% larger than female ones,
科学家们没有发现智力水平的差异。 scientists have found no difference in levels of intelligence.
在智商测试中，男性和女性的分数或多或少都是一样的。 In IQ tests, men and women score more or less the same.
以及男性和女性的大脑大小的差异。 As well as differences in the sizes of men and women's brains,
有人认为，在大脑中存在着一些结构。 it's been suggested that there are structures inside the brains
也表现出性别差异。 that exhibit sex differences as well.
其中之一是男性的下丘脑较大。 One of them is the larger hypothalamus in a male
与女性相比，所以这是一种联系。 compared with a female, so this is the connection
大脑与荷尔蒙系统之间的关系 between the brain and the system of hormones
与男人的睾丸和女人的卵巢相通。 that communicate with the testes in a man, the ovaries in a woman.
因此，我希望这里会有一些差异，涉及到 So I would expect there to be differences here that relate
对生殖生理学的差异。 to differences in reproductive physiology,
而且没有人可以否认这些差异的存在。 and nobody can deny that those differences exist,
但我们还不知道实际上这些差异是什么 but we don't yet know actually what the differences
在下丘脑中与以下方面有关。 in the hypothalamus relate to.
它们不一定与差异有关 They're not necessarily to do with differences
在男人和女人的思维和行为方式上。 in the way that men and women think and behave.
这是另一个被发现的不同领域。 This is another area which has been picked up on as being different
在男人和女人的大脑中，这被称为海马体。 in the brains of men and women, and this is called the hippocampus,
这涉及到记忆，而这里的部分区域 and this is involved in memory, and part of this area here
已经证明，与男性相比，女性的体重更大。 has been shown to be larger in women compared with men.
不幸的是，当研究人员观察到差异时 Unfortunately, when the researchers looked at the differences
他们在受试者中发现了海马体大小的变化。 in size of the hippocampus that they'd found amongst their subjects,
男性和女性，然后看这些人的表现 male and female, and then looked at the performances of those people
在记忆测试中，他们发现根本没有任何联系。 in memory tests, they found no link at all.
因此，我认为很明显的是，即使我们能够挑出差异 So I think it's clear that even if we can pick up on differences
在男人和女人的大脑的详细结构中。 in the detailed structure of the brains of men and women,
这不一定能转化为 that doesn't necessarily translate
成明显的行为差异。 into obvious differences in behaviour.
大脑结构和功能之间的关系 The relationship between structure and function in the brain
是令人难以置信的复杂。 is incredibly complex,
而我们离了解这些细枝末节还很远。 and we're a long way from understanding the fine detail.
但更重要的是寻找性别差异的原因 But more important is searching for the reasons for sex differences
而且我认为这是显而易见的。 and I think it's obvious.
从最早的年龄开始。 From the earliest age,
在对男孩和女孩的期望方面存在着明显的鸿沟。 there's a clear divide in what's expected of boys and girls.
儿童必须做出严酷的选择。 Children must make stark choices.
在一个粉红色的世界之间... Between a world of pink...
...和一个蓝色的世界。 ..and a world of blue.
他们应该和挖掘机一起玩吗？ Should they play with the digger?
还是和娃娃一起？ Or with the doll?
他们应该是一个海盗吗？ Should they be a pirate?
还是一个公主？ Or a princess?
嗯，我有一个一岁的男孩和一个四岁的小女孩。 Well, I've got a one-year-old boy and a four-year-old little girl,
我想直到我成为一个母亲。 and I think until I became a mum,
我没有意识到这种性别划分有多么僵硬。 I didn't realise just how rigid this gender division was.
它似乎没有那么明显 It didn't seem to have been as pronounced
在我成长过程中，这确实让我担心 when I was growing up, and it does make me worry
因为我不希望他们中的任何一个在选择上受到限制 because I don't want either of them to be limited in their choices
就因为他们不符合要求 just because they don't conform
属于蓝色或粉色定型。 to either the blue or the pink stereotypes.
我不确定文化力量是否像爱丽丝认为的那样强大。 I'm not sure that cultural forces are as powerful as Alice thinks.
也许这些定型观念的根源在于自然。 Maybe the stereotypes have their roots in nature.
我有三个儿子和一个女儿。 I have three sons and a daughter.
现在，我的儿子们确实有他们敏感的一面。 Now, my sons do have their sensitive side,
而且我女儿非常喜欢数学。 and my daughter really likes maths,
但当他们长大后，他们选择玩的玩具。 but when they were growing up, the toys they chose to play with,
嗯，他们绝对符合陈规定型。 well, they absolutely conformed to the stereotype.
在全世界范围内，平均而言，小男孩和小女孩 Across the world, on average, little boys and little girls
在他们选择玩的东西方面非常相似。 are remarkably similar in what they choose to play with.
这就是贾斯帕。 This is Jasper.
他喜欢他的卡车、警报器、消防车、救护车、挖掘机。 He loves his trucks, sirens, fire engines, ambulances, diggers.
任何种类的车轮。 Any wheels of any sort.
这就是哈德良，他对汽车很着迷。 This is Hadrian, he's fascinated by cars.
比如，当我们沿着街道走的时候，他总是指着他们。 Like, when we go along the street, he's always pointing at them.
我是埃里克。 This is Eric.
他喜欢玩，很明显，汽车和任何有轮子的东西。 He likes to play with, obviously, cars and anything with wheels.
越大越好。 The bigger, the better.
任何嘈杂的东西，如双排座，他都喜欢。 Anything noisy like double deckers, he loves them.
到18个月时，大多数男孩表现出一致的偏好 By 18 months, most boys show a consistent preference
用于汽车和卡车。 for cars and trucks.
对于女孩来说，这是一个不同的故事。 For girls, it's a different story.
乔安娜，她喜欢她的娃娃和玩具，特别是。 Joanna, she loves her dolls and teddies, especially.
她有一个小象泰迪，她把她的假奶放在上面。 She's got a little elephant teddy that she puts her dummy on.
这是佩顿，她有点自然地倾向于，比如。 This is Payton and she sort of naturally gravitates towards, like,
她喜欢她的娃娃，她喜欢泰迪。 she likes her dolls and she likes Teddy.
乔安娜的小男孩朋友，你知道。 Joanna's little boy friends, you know,
他们肯定更喜欢挖掘机和敲打东西。 they are definitely more into the diggers and bashing things.
那么，父母是否对这些玩具的选择负责？ So are parents responsible for these toy choices?
我从未向他展示过如何把棍子当剑用。 I never showed him how to use a stick as a sword.
他本能地做到了这一点。 He did it instinctively.
我从未说过她必须玩娃娃。 I never said she has to play with dolls.
自动地，她会去找那些玩具。 Automatically, she goes for those toys.
我想这是一种本能的东西。 I think it's something that's instinctive.
但他们是对的吗？ But are they right?
2002年，心理学家梦想出一个非常聪明的实验 In 2002, psychologists dreamt up a very clever experiment
来发现答案。 to discover answers.
如果你想了解玩具的偏好 If you want to find out if toy preferences
在任何意义上都是天生的，那么，你有一个大问题。 are in any sense innate, well, you have a big problem,
因为孩子们从很小的时候就接触到各种各样的 because children from the earliest age are exposed to all sorts
的压力，但科学家们确实发现了一个小组，他们可以 of pressures, but the scientists did find one group where they could
保证他们没有接触过任何性别定型观念。 guarantee they had not been exposed to any gender stereotypes.
猴子！ Monkeys!
我们来到了贝德福德郡的沃本野生动物园 We've come to Woburn Safari Park in Bedfordshire
来尝试我们自己的实验。 to try out our own experiment.
这里的猴子是巴巴里猕猴。 The monkeys here are Barbary macaques.
好了，很多可爱的玩具。 OK, lots of lovely toys.
所以我们这里有娃娃和卡车的混合物。 So we've got a mixture of dolls and trucks in here.
汤姆-罗布森是他们的守门员之一。 Tom Robson is one of their keepers.
我有几个娃娃给你。 I have a couple of dolls for you.
很好，非常感谢你。 Marvellous, thank you very much.
在最初的实验中。 In the original experiment,
心理学家们向猴子们展示了 the psychologists presented the monkeys
有典型的男孩型玩具、卡车和汽车。 with typical boy-type toys, trucks and cars,
和女孩类型的玩具，主要是娃娃。 and girl-type toys, mostly dolls.
非常难以相信，猴子有一种。 Very hard to believe that monkeys have a sort of,
一个玩具的偏好，但我们将看到。 a toy preference, but we shall see.
然后，心理学家们观察了猴子的哪些玩具 The psychologists then observed which toys the monkeys
喜欢玩什么，玩多长时间。 preferred to play with and for what length of time.
巴巴里！来吧！ Barbary! Come on!
野蛮人! Barbaries!
来吧，巴巴利人！ Come on, Barbaries!
我可以加入吗？是的。 Shall I join in? Yeah.
来吧，巴巴利人！ Come on, Barbaries!
哦，有人能听到。 Oh, somebody can hear.
我们已经有人过来了。 We've got someone coming over.
男性，女性？ Male, female?
这是其中一个过来的男性。 This is one of the males coming over.
哦，所以我们有一个男的在接卡车。 Oh, so we've got a male picking up a truck.
这是相当有趣的。 That is quite interesting.
你可以看到，他已经去找卡车了。 You can see, he's gone for the trucks.
但是，是的，我们将看看他是否会来......。 But, yeah, we'll see if he comes...
他已经开始有点移动车轮了，这很令人惊讶。 He's started moving the wheels a bit, which is surprising.
现在又有几个人过来了。 A few more coming over now.
谁在那边取车？ Who's picking up the car over there?
这是另一个男性。是的，他们在转动车轮。 That's another male. Yes, they're spinning the wheels.
有女孩加入行动了吗？ Any girls in on the action yet?
是的，这是一个女孩在那里，所以佐伊，去找那个娃娃。 Yeah, this is a girl there, so Zoe, going for the doll.
她很感兴趣，不是吗？ She's quite interested, isn't she?
然后这也是一个女性在这里，她叫金发女郎。 And then this is also a female here, she's called Blondie.
他们调查的方式是他们会把它举起来。 The way they'll investigate is they'll kind of hold it up,
闻一闻，嚼一嚼。 sniff it, chew on it.
那是一个小男孩，就在那里。 That's a little boy, just there.
有点像带着卡车跑了。 Kind of running off with the truck.
是的，他要像 "这是我的了"。 Yeah, he's going like, "This is mine now."
是的，看起来他可能会去到树顶。 Yeah, looks like he might go to the top of the tree.
那么他是否要为他的卡车辩护？ So is he going to defend his truck?
是的，看起来那些小公鸡要涨价了。 Yeah, looks like those little males going up.
他们都想要你的卡车。 They all want your truck.
到目前为止，孩子们真的只对卡车表现出兴趣。 And so far the boys have really only displayed interest in the trucks.
是的，他们有点像刚拿起卡车。 Yeah, they've kind of just picked up the trucks.
他爬上了卡车。是的，他坐在了卡车上。 He's climbed on the truck. Yeah, he's sat on the truck.
他显然认为这有点像汽车，不是吗？ He obviously thinks that's kind of a bit like a car, isn't it?
在最初的实验中，雄性猴子与 In the original experiment, the male monkeys played with
男性型玩具的时间是其两倍 the male-type toys for twice as long
正如他们对女性类型的玩具所做的那样。 as they did with the female-type toys.
所以那是一个小男孩，正在看那个娃娃。 So that's a little boy that's having a look at that doll there.
他不确定，是吗？不确定。 He's not sure, is he? No.
我们的结果甚至更加明确。 Our results were even more clear-cut.
男性几乎没有碰过这些娃娃 The males barely touched the dolls
而雌性对卡车几乎没有表现出任何兴趣。 while the females showed hardly any interest in the trucks.
卡车似乎并没有让这些女孩很兴奋。 Trucks don't seem to turn these girls on very much.
不，他们不是真的感兴趣，是吗？ No, they're not really interested, are they?
猴子的玩具偏好实验是有争议的 The monkey toy preference experiment was controversial
但它在其他地方被重复了两次，结果相似。 but it has been repeated twice elsewhere with similar results.
这真的很有魅力，但也很令人惊讶 That was really charming but also quite surprising
因为这些猴子根本就没有被社会化过。 because those monkeys have not been socialised at all.
他们没有接触过广告，没有被告知 They have not been exposed to adverts, they haven't been told
他们应该玩什么样的玩具，然而雄性猴子 what sort of toys they should play with, and yet the male monkeys
在那里，他们唯一感兴趣的玩具是 went out there and the only toys they were interested in
是卡车。 were the trucks.
女孩们是唯一表现出任何兴趣的人 The girls were the only ones who displayed any interest at all
在娃娃中，所以我认为这当然是非常有说服力的。 in the dolls, so I think that was certainly very convincing.
结果也让其中一位领导人感到惊讶 The results were also surprising for one of the leaders
的原始实验。 of the original experiment.
这些结果改变了 The results changed the way
我想到了这些玩具 I thought about these toys
而且，我认为，在某种程度上，这种方式 and, I think, to some extent the way
其他人正在考虑这些玩具。 other people are thinking about these toys.
以前人们认为，我们鼓励儿童 Previously people had thought that we encouraged children
根据他们的性别玩不同的玩具 to play with different toys based on their gender
以使他们为成年后的不同性别角色做好准备。 to prepare them for different gender roles in adulthood.
所以，比如说，男人通常会驾驶家庭用车，所以人们认为。 So, for instance, men usually drive the family car, so people thought,
好吧，给男孩们提供汽车，作为一种排练的方式。 well, boys are given cars as a kind of rehearsal for that.
妇女做大部分的儿童护理。 Women do most of the child care.
女孩们得到了娃娃作为排练的对象。 Girls are given dolls as a rehearsal for that.
而这似乎确实是一个合理的解释 And this did seem a plausible explanation
对于雌性猴子的玩具选择。 for the female monkeys' toy choices.
当然，在大多数灵长类动物中，雌性做了大部分的儿童护理工作。 Of course, in most primates, females do most of the child care
所以这些动物会观察到雌性与婴儿的互动 so these animals will have observed females interacting with babies
比男性与婴儿的互动更多，所以这可能是 more than males interacting with babies, and so that could be
部分解释了为什么他们花更多时间在娃娃身上。 part of the explanation why they spend more time with the dolls.
但雄性猴子的玩具选择却令人费解。 But the male monkeys' toy choices were baffling.
公猴对汽车有什么兴趣？ What is it about a car that a male monkey is interested in?
而我们认为这可能是形状问题。 And we thought it might be the shape.
我们认为这可能是颜色的问题，但我们测试了这些可能性 We thought it might be the colour, but we tested those possibilities
而我们认为这两点都不是解释的理由。 and we don't think that either of those are the explanation.
我们认为这可能是关于它如何在太空中移动的问题。 We think it's probably something about how it can be moved in space,
而我们正在研究男性大脑更有可能 and we're looking at the possibility that a male brain is more likely
喜欢看事物在太空中移动。 to enjoy watching things move in space.
那么发生了什么事？ So what is going on?
是什么让男性--猴子、男孩或男人--成为了男性？ What is it that makes males - monkeys, boys or men -
这样的行为？ behave in this way?
我是来剑桥大学见西蒙-巴隆-科恩教授的。 I've come to Cambridge University to meet Professor Simon Baron-Cohen.
25年来，他一直在研究自闭症，这影响了很多人。 For over 25 years, he's been studying autism, which affects
男孩的数量几乎是女孩的五倍。 nearly five times as many boys as girls.
他认为自闭症代表了极端的男性大脑 He believes autism represents the extreme male brain
并认为激素有助于形成大脑的性别差异。 and that hormones help shape brain sex differences.
这里的想法是什么？ What's the idea here?
我们有一个测试，我想。 We've got a test which, I guess,
真正衡量一个方面 really measures one aspect
的空间能力。 of spatial ability.
这是关于你找到目标形状所需的秒数 It's about the number of seconds it takes you to find the target shape
在整体设计中。 in the overall design.
这实际上是令人惊讶的困难，看着它。它是。 That's actually surprisingly difficult, looking at it. It is.
现在，我在看那里的一个方块，它不在那里。 Now, I'm looking at a square there and it's not there.
我想它就在那里。 I think it's there.
这非常好。我们可以给你看，实际上。 That's very good. We can show you, actually.
好的，是的。这正是你准确定位的地方 OK, yeah. Which is exactly where you pinpointed it
而你是相当快的，研究表明，平均来说 and you were pretty quick, and research shows that on average
在寻找目标形状方面，雄性比雌性快。 males are faster than females at finding the target shape.
我们也曾给自闭症患者做过这个测试 We've also given this test to people with autism
而自闭症患者甚至比典型男性更快。 and people with autism are even faster than typical males.
因此，他们似乎被细节所吸引，他们喜欢图案。 So they seem to be drawn to detail and they love patterns,
而且他们喜欢把事情分解成各个组成部分。 and they love to break things down into components,
而这个测试是这个想法的出发点之一。 and this test was one of the starting points for the idea
有性别差异，自闭症患者 that there are sex differences, and that people with autism
可能只是显示了典型男性特征的一个极端。 may simply show an extreme of the typical male profile.
西蒙一直在收集令人信服的证据 Simon has been gathering compelling evidence
这些行为上的差异可能是由所发生的事情决定的。 that these behavioural differences could be shaped by what happens
当婴儿在子宫内发育时，对他们的影响。 to babies as they develop in the womb.
好吧，我们一直在研究荷尔蒙，特别是睾丸激素。 Well, we've been looking at hormones and particularly testosterone,
所谓的雄性激素，尽管两性都会产生这种激素。 the so-called male hormone, although both sexes of course produce it.
但男性比女性产生更多的这种荷尔蒙 But males produce more of this hormone than females
我们正在测量妇女羊水中的荷尔蒙。 and we're measuring the hormone in the amniotic fluid in women
怀孕的人，然后我们等待孩子的出生 who are pregnant, and then we wait for the baby to be born
并看一看，这两者之间是否有任何关系。 and look at whether there's any relationship between
产前睾丸激素和孩子的行为。 pre-natal testosterone and the child's behaviour.
而且我们几乎每年都会给孩子们打电话 And we've been calling in the children pretty much every year
自90年代末以来，这一直是一个迷人的旅程，真的。 since the late '90s, and it's been a fascinating journey, really.
西蒙发现婴儿接触到的睾丸激素水平 Simon has discovered the levels of testosterone babies are exposed to
在子宫内的行为可能会影响他们多年后的行为。 in the womb may affect how they behave many years later.
我们发现，睾丸激素显示出一种正相关关系 We found that testosterone shows a positive correlation
与系统化。那么，什么是系统化？ with systemising. So what is systemising?
因此，系统化是所有关于分析系统的驱动力。 So systemising is all about the drive to analyse a system.
而系统有很多种类。 And systems come in many varieties.
你知道，我们这里有一台电脑就是一个例子。 You know, we've got a computer here as an example of that.
它可能是一辆卡车。所以你要把它拆开 It could be a truck. So you're kind of taking it apart
并把它放在一起，玩耍。 and putting it together and playing around,
因为那是你和男人联系在一起的那种东西，不是吗？正是如此。 because that's the sort of thing you associate with men, isn't it? Exactly.
那么，发现火车，就是系统化吗？ So train spotting, is that systemising?
嗯，那是一种另一种系统。 Well, that's a sort of another kind of system.
你可以发现，男性作为一个群体在系统化方面的得分更高。 You can find that males as a group score higher on the systemising.
西蒙的研究也一直在寻找影响 Simon's study has also been looking into the impact
睾丸激素对社会发展的影响。 of testosterone on social development.
孩子的产前睾丸激素越高。 The higher the child's pre-natal testosterone,
他们在社会方面的发展就越慢。 the slower they are to develop socially.
例如，他们在一岁生日时表现出较少的目光接触。 For example, they're showing less eye contact at their first birthday,
而现在发现，如果你有较高的睾丸激素。 and it now turns out that if you have higher testosterone,
你的大脑被说成是男性化的。 your brain is said to be masculinised.
这是说它更像一个典型的男性大脑。 That's to say it resembles more a typical male brain.
我们还发现，当我们把孩子们叫来的时候 We've also found that when we've called in the children
来给他们做这样的测试。 to give them tests like this,
产前睾丸激素水平较高的儿童 that the children with higher levels of pre-natal testosterone
是更快地找到隐藏在整体设计中的目标形状。 are faster to find the target shape hidden within the overall design.
我认为这绝对是令人着迷的。 I thought that was absolutely fascinating.
西蒙的研究清楚地表明，从最早的年龄开始。 Simon's research clearly suggests that from the earliest age,
荷尔蒙有助于塑造我们的行为。 hormones help to shape our behaviour.
但这上面发生了什么？ But what's going on up here?
是否有任何真正的证据表明男人和女人的思维方式是不同的？ Is there any real evidence that men and women are wired differently?
这当然是一个普遍持有的信念。 It's certainly a commonly held belief.
我只是认为男人和女人被创造出来是不同的。 I just think men and women were created to be different.
我们在生活中有不同的角色 We have different roles in life
我想这就是为什么我们的大脑有不同的线路。 and I think that's why our brains are wired differently.
男人非常专注，你知道，他们，他们非常果断。 Men are very focused and, you know, they, they are very decisive.
男人绝对是更好的决策者。 Men are definitely better decision-makers.
我认为女性有时可以在不同的选择之间更多的翻转。 I think women can sometimes flip between different options more.
以我的妻子为例，这是更多的一种说法。 Using my wife as an example, it's a bit more sort of talking,
计划，谈论它，计划，再计划一些。 planning, talking about it, planning, planning some more.
男人一次只擅长一件事。 Men are good at one thing at a time.
我认为女孩更善于处理多任务。 I think girls are better at multi-tasking.
而女性必须做一件事 Whereas women have to do the one thing
并围绕它做其他事情。 and do everything else around it.
她比我更善于处理多任务。这倒是真的。 She is better at multi-tasking than I am. That is true.
我并不是说男人不能做多任务 I'm not saying that men can't multi-task
但我认为这是女性自然能够做到的事情。 but I think it's something that women are naturally able to do.
我认为自己善于处理多任务 I consider myself good at multi-tasking
因为我是一个鼓手和主唱。 because I am a drummer and lead singer,
所以我善于在同一时间做不同的事情，所以... so I'm good at doing different things at the same time, so...
陈规定型观念当然很强，而且似乎常常是 The stereotypes are certainly strong and it often seems
就像我们的大脑从出生起就必须有不同的线路。 like our brains must be wired differently from birth,
但真正的证据是什么？ but what's the real evidence?
好了，费城的一个科学家团队已经与 Well, a team of scientists in Philadelphia has matched
男性和女性大脑中的微观联系 the microscopic connections within male and female brains
而他们的发现是令人惊讶的。 and what they've found is astonishing.
我对性别差异很着迷 I am fascinated by gender differences
因为我在日常生活中看到性别差异，你知道。 because I see gender differences in my day-to-day life, you know.
我的男性朋友与我的女性朋友完全不同。 My guy friends are completely different from my girl friends.
因此，我们的想法是要尝试并找出 So the idea was to try and find out
是否有区别 whether there is a difference
男性和女性之间的总体情况 overall between men and women
在大脑的每个部分如何与大脑的另一个部分对话。 in how each part of the brain talks to another part of the brain.
对了，我想再做一次基本相同的扫描。 Right, I want to do pretty much the same scan again.
维尔马博士和她的同事扫描了大脑 Dr Verma and her colleagues scanned the brains
由900多名8至22岁的男性和女性组成。 of over 900 males and females from the ages of eight to 22.
这一边比那一边的颗粒度更大。 It's more granular on this side than on that side.
他们使用一种既定的大脑成像技术来创建 They used an established brain imaging technique to create
一张详细的连接地图 a detailed map of the connections
大脑的两个半球之间。 between the two hemispheres of the brain,
他们认为这两个半球有相当不同的功能。 hemispheres which they believe have quite different functions.
左半球是大脑中说话的部分。 The left hemisphere is the part of the brain that talks,
理解语言并以分析的方式处理世界。 understands language and processes the world in an analytic
顺序的方式，而右半球则更加直观。 sequential manner, whereas the right hemisphere is more intuitive,
处理空间信息，处理情感信息。 deals with spatial information, deals with emotional information.
该团队的研究显示了不同的连接模式 The team's research showed different patterns of connection
男女的大脑半球之间。 between the brain hemispheres of men and women.
该研究表明，这些联系 The study indicates that those connections
两个半球之间的关系要强得多 between the two hemispheres are much stronger
并且在女性中比男性更普遍。 and more prevalent in women than in men,
而从这里我们可以得出结论，能够同时使用 and from here we can conclude that the ability to use both the
女性的言语分析和情感信息得到加强。 verbal analytic and the emotional information is enhanced in women.
那么，半球之间的更多联系是否可以解释一些 So could more connections between the hemispheres explain some
典型女性行为的类型？ types of typical female behaviour?
事实上，你可以从大脑的不同区域连接，你 The fact that you can connect from different regions of the brain, you
应善于多任务 ought to be good at multi-tasking
以及如果你有多个区域连接在一起。 and if you have multiple regions connected together,
你应该在一项情感任务中表现得更好。 you should be better at an emotional task.
而他们是否符合某些定型观念？也许，是的。 And do they fit certain stereotypes? Perhaps, yes.
男性大脑中的神经通路遵循一个惊人的不同模式。 The neural pathways in male brains follow a strikingly different pattern.
我们在男性身上看到的是更强的联系 What we see in males is stronger connections
在大脑的后部和前部之间。 between the back and the front of the brain.
大脑的后部处理信息 The back of the brain processes the information
并将其送至大脑 and sends it forward to the brain
大脑的前部决定什么，把它们放在一起 and the front of the brain decides what, puts it all together
并决定如何处理这个问题。 and decides what to do about it.
所以它表明男性有更强的能力来 So it indicates males have stronger ability to
在他们所看到的和他们所做的之间建立联系 connect between what they see and what they do
如果你是一个猎人，这基本上就是你需要做的事情。 which is essentially what you need to do if you are a hunter.
你看到了什么，你需要马上做出反应。 You see something, you need to respond right away.
该团队检测到了神经系统通路的差异 The team detected differences in neurological pathways
在男性和女性的大脑中，有一个显著的规模。 in male and female brains on a remarkable scale.
我很惊讶，他们有如此明显的不同。 I was surprised that they were so significantly different.
当我第一次看到出来的数字时，我想 When I first saw the figure that came out, I thought
一定是搞错了。 there must be a mistake.
我不习惯研究的结果像这次一样干净利落。 I'm not used to results of studies coming out as clean as this one.
那是相当令人吃惊的。 That was quite startling.
但这并不是故事的结局。 But that's not the end of the story.
尽管科学家们发现了明显的差异 Although the scientists identified stark differences
在男性和女性的神经通路中。 in men and women's neural pathways,
他们没有在儿童身上发现这些差异。 they didn't find those differences in children.
这些差异似乎只在十几岁时才发展起来，而十几岁的时候 The differences only seem to develop in the teenage years which
这意味着它们可能是社会压力的结果，而不是天生的。 means they could be the result of social pressure rather than innate.
这些差异大多发生在13至18岁的年龄段。 Most of these differences happened between the age range of 13 to 18
当时你可以看到他们非常突出的表现 and you could see them very prominently at that time
所以有一个完整的自然与培养的问题。 so there is a whole nature versus nurture issue.
很难弄清楚为什么结构性的 It's very difficult to figure out why the structural
连接发生。 connections happen.
无论是由于荷尔蒙还是陈规定型观念，你都不会知道。 Whether it's due to hormones or stereotyping, you would never know.
你必须把600个男孩变成女孩，让他们长大后成为女孩。 You would have to take 600 boys and make them grow up as girls
和女孩成长为男孩，然后说，"啊哈，这就是原因"。 and girls grow up as boys and then say, "Aha, this is the reason".
所以我不知道如何回答这个问题。 So I don't know how to answer that question.
费城的研究受到了严厉的批评 The research in Philadelphia has been heavily criticised
但它确实促使我们去问 but it does prompt us to ask
男女之间的差异何时以及为何产生。 when and why do differences between men and women arise.
对我来说，这才是真正关键的问题。 For me, this is the really critical question.
如果我们发现男性和女性之间的行为差异 If we are finding behaviour differences between men and women
这可能反映在他们的大脑结构中，也可能不反映。 that may or may not be reflected in the structure of their brains,
这些行为上的差异在多大程度上来自于 how much are those behavioural differences coming from
在基本生物学方面，它们在多大程度上是我们所处社会的产物？ basic biology, how much are they a product of the society we live in?
你好，我是阿比。 Hello, this is Abi.
嗨，阿比，你还好吗？ Hi, Abi, how are you doing?
'我们正在进行一项实验。 'We're staging an experiment.
'我们要把阿里介绍给小阿比。 'We're introducing Ali to baby Abi.
我们想弄清楚是否不仅仅是本能在起作用 'We want to find out if there's more than just instinct at play
'当涉及到儿童的玩具选择时。 'when it comes to children's toy choices.
'阿比的妈妈要和我一起看他们如何相处，但有一个转折。 'Abi's mum is joining me to see how they get on but there's a twist.
'阿里不知道的是，婴儿阿比真的是一个小男孩。 'What Ali doesn't know is that baby Abi is really a little boy.'
所以这真的很有趣，因为阿里刚刚选择了 So this is really interesting because Ali has just chosen
这个粉红色的小女孩儿娃娃是送给阿比的第一个玩具。 this little pink girl doll as the first toy to give to Abi.
她穿着和你一样的颜色。 She's wearing the same colour as you.
它真的很可爱。看，他现在也要去捡另一个了 It's really cute. Look, he's going to pick the other one up now as well
所以他就去找布娃娃了。 so he's off to the rag doll.
但他还没有伸手去拿球或货车。 But he hasn't reached for the ball or the van.
不，他没有，是吗？ No, he hasn't, has he?
还有那辆小卡车，就在那里，触手可及。 And that little truck that is just there within reach.
它没有被碰过，是吗？ It hasn't been touched, has it?
不，我的意思是，你知道他肯定是先去找娃娃的。 No, I mean, you know he's definitely gone for the dolls first.
"哦，你是个小女孩，你可能会想玩娃娃。" "Oh, you're a little girl, you'll probably want to play with dolls."
嗨，我们来了，这是弗雷迪。 Hi. Here we go, this is Freddie.
'接下来，婴儿弗雷迪被介绍给海莉。 'Next, baby Freddie is being introduced to Hayley.'
你想玩车吗？ Do you want to play with the car?
'海莉不知道的事 'What Hayley doesn't know
'是说弗雷迪实际上是一个叫弗雷亚的小女孩。 'is that Freddie is actually a little girl named Freya.'
那辆消防车？ The fire truck?
你好!她在做什么？ Hello! What's she doing?
事实上，到目前为止，这相当有趣。 It's been quite interesting so far, actually.
有一辆车，所以她把它捡了起来。 There was a car and so she picked that up
并先开始玩它，然后下一个玩具是 and started playing with it first and then the next toy was
一辆紫色卡车，下一辆是水泥搅拌车。 a purple truck and the next one was a cement mixer.
肯定是为男孩准备的，男孩的经典之作。 Definitely for the boys, the boys classically.
她真的希望她能和球一起玩。 She really wants her to play with the ball.
她把它推开了! She pushed it away!
这真的很奇怪。"我不是在玩这个。 That's really weird. "I'm not playing with that.
"你在说什么呢？" "What are you talking about?"
似乎大多数孩子的选择比你可能的要少得多 It seems most children have much less choice than you might
在他们可以玩的玩具种类中思考 think in the kinds of toys they get to play with
和他们的性别认同正在被有力地塑造。 and their gender identities are being powerfully shaped
从最早的年龄开始。 from the earliest age.
婴儿对什么玩具感兴趣？ What toys was the baby interested in?
我觉得阿比一开始对这个娃娃很感兴趣。 I think Abi was interested in the doll at first.
我想她可能是，因为我认为那是她的一个小模型。 I thought she might be cos I thought it was a model of her a little bit.
那么球和卡车之类的东西，她对那些东西有什么看法？ So balls and trucks and things, what did she think of those?
我不认为她真的那么喜欢他们，不是那么回事。 I don't really think she was that into them, not so much.
我想大多数女孩的玩具，我想。 I think most of the girlie toys, I guess.
是的。所以阿比实际上就是阿尔菲。 Yeah. So Abi is actually Alfie.
这其实是一个和你一起玩的小男孩。不会吧！？是的。 This is actually a little boy that you were playing with. No way! Yes.
他们笑着说："这太疯狂了，不可能! THEY LAUGH That's crazy, no way!
我必须在这里向你透露一些情况。 I have to reveal something to you here.
那其实是一个小女孩。哦！有趣的实验。 That was actually a little girl. Oh! Interesting experiment.
这很有意思。我很抱歉，这么偷偷摸摸的。 It is interesting. I'm so sorry to be so sneaky.
那么，这是否让你对这些玩具有不同的看法呢？ So does that make you think differently about the toys maybe?
我从来没有想过。它看起来像一个小姑娘。是的。 I would have never thought it. It looked like a little girl. Yeah.
该玩具实验揭示了不同的 The toy experiment reveals just how differently
女孩和男孩受到的待遇。 girls and boys are treated.
但是，更微妙的性别陈规定型观念的形式呢。 But what about more subtle forms of gender stereotyping,
观念，也许即使是那些很有经验的成年人也会有这样的想法。 stereotyping that perhaps even adults who are very
试图避免性别偏见的意识仍然容易出现？ conscious of trying to avoid gender bias are still prone to?
我们正在重现一个实验，探讨在何种程度上 We're recreating an experiment that explored the degree to which
父母推动他们的孩子以及他们对孩子的期望。 parents push their children and what they expect of them.
在婴儿期，男孩和女孩的平均爬行能力是一样的 In infancy, boys and girls' average crawling ability is the same
尽管在尺寸上有微小差异。 despite small differences in size.
但是，我们对待男孩和女孩的方式不同吗？ But do we treat boys and girls differently?
所以，克洛伊，这就是我们的实验。 So, Chloe, this is our experiment,
一个看起来很奇怪的装置。 a bizarre looking contraption,
而它的全部意义在于，你可以提高这端 and the whole point of it is that you can raise this end
所以你可以使坡度更陡峭 so you can make the slope steeper
而我们感兴趣的是，爱丽丝会从多大的坡上爬下来。 and what we're interested in is how steep a slope Alice will crawl down.
我想让你把它提高到你认为的水平 I'd like you to raise it to what you think
她实际上可以成功地爬下来。 she can actually successfully crawl down.
'婴儿爱丽丝已经14个月大了。 'Baby Alice is 14 months old.
'她妈妈估计她可以从52厘米的高度爬行。 'Her mum reckons she can crawl from a height of 52 centimetres.'
那我们就来试试吧。 Let's have a go then.
看，有一只小兔子。看，看，看。 Look, there's a bunny. Look, look, look.
而她做到了!你是对的。 And she did! You were right.
接下来是婴儿乔希，他的年龄和体重与婴儿爱丽丝差不多。 Next up is baby Josh, who's about the same age and weight as baby Alice.
所以我认为他实际上能够处理相当高的斜坡。 So I think he'd actually be able to manage quite a high ramp.
是的--多一点。 Yeah - a bit more.
看起来乔希的妈妈认为他可以从一个相当大的范围内爬行。 'It looks like Josh's mum thinks he can crawl from a considerably
'比爱丽丝宝宝的身高高，高出12厘米。 'higher height than baby Alice, 12 centimetres higher.'
他也是一个相当无畏的男孩。 He's quite a fearless boy as well.
那是相当大的野心。 That's quite ambitious.
这在斜坡的这一端有67厘米高。 That's 67 centimetres high at this end of the ramp.
是的，我绝对认为他能够做到这一点。来吧! Yeah, I definitely think he'd be able to manage that. Come on!
是啊!好孩子。他能做到。 Yeah! Good boy. He can do it.
我们用两个年龄稍小的孩子做了同样的测试，他们的年龄相仿。 We tried the same test with two slighter younger children of similar ages.
格雷西的妈妈认为她可以应付36厘米的高度。 Gracie's mum thought she could cope with a height of 36 centimetres.
轻松点!她能做到。 Easy! She can do it.
我印象很深。 I'm so impressed.
'但阿尔菲的妈妈认为 'But Alfie's mum thought
他可以从43厘米的高度攀登。 he could climb from a height of 43 centimetres.'
他正在做，他做得非常好。 He's doing it, he's doing it really well.
'事实上，在100多个婴儿的原始实验中 'In fact, in the original experiment with over 100 babies
'他们表现出相同的平均爬行能力。 'who displayed the same average crawling ability,
'父母估计男孩的爬行能力要比女孩高。 'parents estimated boys' crawling ability was higher than girls.
似乎从很小的时候开始，父母就可能是 'It seems that from a very young age, parents may be
'推动他们的男孩取得成就的方式，他们只是没有为女孩做。 'pushing their boys to achieve in a way they just don't do for girls.'
如果更广泛的社会也是如此。 If this is true of wider society,
这对我们孩子的发展有什么影响？ what's the effect of that on our children's development?
会不会在某些方面限制了他们的选择？ Could it be limiting their choices in some way?
这是否会影响到他们最终在成年后的工作？ Could it be affecting what they end up doing in adulthood even?
我非常幸运。 I was very lucky.
特别是回想起我的少年时代，我不 Thinking back particularly to my teenage years, I don't
记得我觉得我的选择完全是由我的性别决定的。 remember feeling that my choices were at all dictated by my gender.
我来到位于伦敦南部的邓拉文学校，与以下人士交谈 I've come to Dunraven School in south London to speak to
学习GCSE科学的学生。 students studying GCSE science.
我想知道他们是否会在A级考试中继续学习科学。 I want to find out if they're going to continue with science for A level
以及对性别的看法是否会影响他们的选择。 and whether perceptions of gender might be affecting their choices.
你们完全把自己隔离为男性和女性。 You're completely segregating yourselves into male and female.
她笑了 SHE LAUGHS
那么你是否认为男孩在某些科目上比其他科目好？ So do you think that boys are better at some subjects than others?
谁喜欢数学？ Who likes maths?
所以肯定会有更多你的男孩。 So definitely more of you boys.
我认识的大多数女孩都做艺术、舞蹈和戏剧，诸如此类的事情。 Most girls that I know do art and dance and drama, that sort of thing.
我真的不认识任何做数学或物理或科学的人。 I don't really know anybody who does maths or physics or science.
更多的数学和挑战性的科目是朝向男生。 The more mathematical and challenging subjects is towards the boys.
女孩倾向于选择其他科目，而不是像物理和数学。 Girls tend to choose other subjects instead of like physics and maths.
那么，物理学呢？ So what about physics then?
你认为这更像是一个男性化的主题吗？ Is that more of a masculine subject then would you say?
我这么认为是因为大多数人认为男孩更喜欢数学。 I think so because most people think boys like maths more
而在物理学中，有很多数学的内容。 and in physics there's a lot of maths involved.
我不认为自己会把它作为A级考试来做。 I don't see myself doing it as A levels
因为我听说这很有挑战性。 because I've heard it's quite challenging.
我不知道，这不是我喜欢的类型。 I don't know, it's not my type of thing.
我更倾向于像创造性的东西。 I'm more towards like creative stuff.
我不完全确定我想做什么 I'm not exactly sure what I want to do
但我知道我希望它是有创意的东西。 but I know I want it to be something creative.
我想我可能会采取像我的兴趣一样的方式 I think I'll probably just take like my interests
和我喜欢做的事情，也就是创造性的东西。 and what I like doing which is creative stuff.
也许有创意的东西，或者像兽医，因为我喜欢动物。 Maybe something creative or like a vet because I like animals.
那时正在考虑职业问题。 Thinking about careers then,
有谁想过将科学作为一种职业？ has anybody thought about science as a career?
我的家人希望我成为某种形式的医生。 My family want me to become a doctor of some sort.
我也想成为一名医生，但我不认为我真的会成为医生。 I want to be a doctor as well but I don't really think I'd
做任何有创意的事情，因为那不是我真正喜欢的事情。 do any of the creative stuff because that's not really my kind of thing.
我想成为一名建筑师已经有很长一段时间了。 I've wanted to be an architect for quite a while.
你的数学好吗？是的。 Are you good at maths? Yeah.
我一直喜欢数学和计算机 I've always liked maths and computing
所以我认为我可以成为像财务总监那样的人。 so I thought I could be like a finance director.
我想成为一名计算机科学家。对，好的。 I want to be a computer scientist. Right, OK.
在这个小组中，有一个明确的分工在进行。 There's a definite division going on here in the group.
告诉我你的想法。 Tell me what you think of,
如果有人对你说科学家这个词，你的脑子里会出现什么？ if somebody says the word scientist to you, what comes into your head?
他们是什么样子的？ What do they look like?
实验室大衣白大褂。他们是一个人。 Lab coat. Lab coat. They're a man.
是的，我也会对一个人有这种印象。 Yeah, I'd have that image as well of a man.
我认为这是因为，比如，当你长大后你看 I think it's because, like, when you're growing up you watch
这么多的电影，你可以得到每个工作的照片 so much films and you get like a picture of every single job
角色，所以你会得到一个科学家、音乐家的形象。 role, so you get a picture of a scientist, a musician,
舞蹈家，所有这些不同的工作角色。 dancer, all these different job roles.
有大量的电视和媒体像告诉我们 There's loads of TV and media like tells us
医生或科学家通常是男性。 that a doctor or scientist is usually a man.
正是这样的观念引起了人们的关注 It's perceptions like these that are a cause for concern
为认知神经影像学教授，吉娜-里邦。 for professor of cognitive neuro-imaging, Gina Rippon.
在她位于伯明翰的阿斯顿大学的实验室。 At her lab at Aston University in Birmingham,
她寻找行为和大脑功能之间的联系。 she searches for links between behaviour and brain function.
她发现，当你审视这些差异时 She's found that when you interrogate the differences
男性和女性之间的差异，没有你想象的那么惊人。 between men and women, they're less striking than you might imagine.
谢谢你! Thank you!
我注意到一个说法，即男性和女性之间有明显的差异。 I've noticed a claim that there are clear differences between male
和女性的大脑，因此，鉴于这是我所做的那种工作。 and female brains and so given that that's the kind of work I do,
我看了一下，看看这些差异在哪里 I have a look and see where these differences are
而且我实际上发现它们非常难找。 and I actually find them very hard to find.
你意识到，实际上男性之间的差异 You realise that actually the differences between males
和女性之间的差异要小于 and females are smaller than the differences within
男性群体和女性群体内的差异。 groups of males and within groups of females,
所以要寻找能证明这是一个男性大脑的东西 and so searching for something which proves this is a male brain
或一个女性的大脑是...你是在躲避什么，我想。 or a female brain is... You're on a hiding to nothing, I think.
嗨，如果你想坐下来，请。 Hi, if you'd like to take a seat, please.
'吉娜设立了一个实验，要求受试者想象 'Gina has set up an experiment where subjects are asked to imagine
'另一个人的观点'。 'the point of view of another person.'
你会看到这个人坐在各种 You will see this person sitting at various
桌子周围的位置，你唯一的任务是判断 positions around the table and your only task is to judge
无论红色目标是在左边还是在右边。 whether the red target is on the left or on the right-hand side,
从人，对方的角度。 from the person, the other person's perspective.
'任务变得更难，因为主体--在这种情况下，是我----。 'The task is made harder because the subject - in this case, me -
'被要求在整个实验中改变他们的身体位置。 'is asked to change their body position throughout the experiment.
这是在测试与我们早期测试类似的心理旋转技能 'It's testing similar mental rotation skills to our earlier test
'但任务的不同呈现方式有很大影响。 'but the different way the task is presented has a significant effect.'
如果你真正提出一个问题，而不是作为一个心理旋转任务 If you actually present a problem not as a mental rotation task
但是，作为一项透视的任务，所以你可以对某人说，想象一下 but as a perspective-taking task, so you could say to somebody imagine
你在那个物体的另一边，它看起来会是什么样子？ you were on the other side of that object, what would it look like?
在精神旋转方面遇到麻烦的女性实际上发现 Females who've had trouble with the mental rotation actually find
它更容易，有时你所需要做的就是说。 it easier and sometimes all you need to do is say,
"不要把它想成这样，要把它想成那样。" "Don't think of it as this, think of it as that,"
并有一种 "啊哈！"的时刻。 and there's a kind of "a-ha!" moment.
'像这样的测试已经在世界各国进行了 'Tests like these have been conducted in countries around the world
'而结果是引人注目的。 'and the results have been striking.'
性别差异在不同文化中消失了 That gender difference disappears in different cultures
所以它显示任何差异都是由于不同的因素造成的。 so it's showing that any variances is due to different sort of factors.
这绝对是迷人的 That's absolutely fascinating
因为这表明，我们看到的差异在 because that suggests that the differences that we see between
男人和女人在接近这项任务时，他们已经了解了这些差异。 men and women approaching this task, they've learned those differences.
这取决于他们被抚养的方式。 It depended on the way that they've been brought up
以及他们在社会中所扮演的角色？ and the roles that they've adopted in society?
这是正确的，而且可能与任务本身没有关系 That's right, and it may be nothing to do with the task itself
但它是，有不同的方法来解决这个问题。 but it's, there are different ways of solving that problem.
对吉娜来说，我们的大脑适应环境的方式是一个更大的 For Gina, the way our brain adapts to its environment is a bigger
导致性别差异的因素比任何种类的生物编程更重要。 factor in sex differences than any kind of biological programming.
我们现在知道，大脑在整个生命中是可塑的 We now know that the brain is plastic throughout life
所以随着时间的推移，经验会改变大脑的结构 so as time goes on, experiences will change structures in the brain
而你所做的一切将改变你的大脑 and what you do will change your brain
和其他人对你做的事情也会改变你的大脑。 and what other people do to you will change your brain as well,
所以我认为意识到这一点是关键，最近他们已经 so I think being aware of that is key and recently they've been
谈论路径的差异，但大脑中的路径 talking about differences in pathways, but pathways in the brain
是由经验决定的，由，你知道。 are determined by experience, by, you know,
你在哪里长大，你是如何长大的 where you grew up, how you grew
你在学校呆了多久，你有什么职业？ up, how long you were in school, what kind of occupation you've got
现在，所以所有这些东西 now, so all of those things
是要改变大脑中的路径。 are going to change the pathways in the brain.
然而，我们确实仍然听说，男性平均而言在数学方面更出色。 And yet we do still hear that men on average are better at maths,
并认为女性更擅长阅读。 and that women are better at reading.
这是否有任何意义？ Does that make any sense at all?
它没有，同样它没有很好地堆积起来 It doesn't, again it doesn't stack up very well
以及有一个数学大脑的想法，你的大脑需要 and the idea that there's a maths brain, that your brain needs
以特定的方式配置来进行数学运算 to be configured in a particular way to do maths
违背了所有的证据 flies in the face of all sorts of evidence
我们的大脑有多大的可塑性。 of how plastic our brains are.
因此，女孩们就会相信她们不擅长数学。 So girls then get to believe that they're not good at maths
这意味着他们不善于数学。 which means they aren't good at maths
所以你就得到了这种自我实现的预言。 and so you then get this self-fulfilling prophecy.
是时候比较一下了。 It's time to compare notes.
现在，我们同意两性之间存在行为上的差异。 Now, we agree there are behavioural differences between the sexes.
但我们并不同意是什么原因导致了它们。 But we don't agree on what causes them.
我仍然相信，其中一些差异，我们是天生的。 I still believe that some of those differences, we're born with.
而我认为现在比以往任何时候都更需要我们去学习 Whereas I think more than ever that it's something we learn
而且，实际上差异很小。 and that actually the differences are tiny.
那么，迈克尔，你是否愿意告诉我 So, Michael, would you like to tell me
如果这是一个男性或女性的大脑，只是看着它？ if this is a male or a female brain, just looking at it?
好吧，我显然首先是想看看这个名字。 Well, I'm obviously looking to see the name first of all.
去找男性。 Going for male.
你实际上是对的，但你不可能看出这一点。 You're actually right but there's no way you could tell that
所以你有50%的机会是正确的。我的意思是... so you had a 50% chance of being right. I mean...
这是我学到的所有东西。 It's all the stuff I've learned,
我可以立即判断出这是一个男性的大脑。 I can tell immediately it was a male brain.
它有所有的...你是对的，那是一个盲目的猜测。 It had all the... You're right, it was a blind guess.
但另一方面，我一直在关注一些真正的 But on the other hand, I have been looking at some really
有趣的东西，这让我相信，有一个 interesting stuff and that has convinced me that there is an
一些元素，一些接触到的荷尔蒙，确实在结构上改变了 element, some exposure to hormones, that does structurally alter
事情，尽管你可能还看不到它。 things although you probably can't see it yet.
我接受这一点，但说实话，我认为这一步走得太远了。 I accept that, but I honestly think that it's too much of a step
说某人可能有一个男性的大脑或女性的大脑。 to say that somebody might have a male brain or a female brain,
事实上，它比这要细微得多。 that actually it's much more nuanced than that, that the
性别差异仅仅是差异中的一小部分 sex differences are just a tiny bit of the differences
个人之间，有一个巨大的文化、社会影响。 between individuals, and there's a huge cultural, social influence
关于我们作为成年人所感知到的差异。 on the differences that we're perceiving between us as adults,
我认为这些性别定型观念有可能具有相当大的破坏性。 and I think these gender stereotypes are potentially quite destructive.
但也许有一些东西是迈克尔和我可以达成共识的。 But maybe there's something that Michael and I can agree on.
把性别定型观念和行为放在一边。 Putting gender stereotypes and behaviour to one side,
还有一个神经科学的领域 there's another area of neuro-science
其中性别差异可能被证明是非常重要的。 where sex differences could prove to be very important.
在全球范围内，一些世界领先的 Around the globe, some of the world's leading
科学家们正在将他们的注意力转向，而不是性别差异 scientists are turning their attention, not to sex differences
在男人和女人的思维和行为方式上。 in the way that men and women think and behave,
但他们体验世界的方式的差异，差异 but the differences in the way they experience the world, differences
从长远来看，这可能导致人们生活的真正改善。 that could in the long term lead to real improvements in people's lives.
在世界各地，医生们都观察到一个令人困惑的现象-- Throughout the world, doctors have observed a baffling phenomenon -
平均而言，女性往往比男性经历更强烈的疼痛。 on average, women tend to experience pain more intensely than men.
在蒙特利尔的麦吉尔大学，Jeff Mogil教授 Here in McGill University in Montreal, Professor Jeff Mogil
正试图找出原因。 is trying to find out why.
作为其研究的一部分，他定期进行疼痛测试 As part of his research he conducts regular pain tests
而今天我是竞争对手。 and today I'm the competition.
今天，我们有一箱冷水。 Today we have a cooler of cold water.
我将要求你把你的手淹没到手腕处。 I'm going to ask for you to submerge your hand up to the wrist
因此，这将是痛苦的，但我们将要求你 and so it will be painful but we're going to ask that you
尽可能长时间地把你的手留在里面，然后当你可以 leave your hand in for as long as possible and then when you can
不再忍受这种感觉，把它从水中取出。 no longer stand that sensation, to remove it from the water.
是的，它有多冷？4.6? Yeah, how cold is it? 4.6?
4.6，因此它将会很冷。 4.6 and so it is going to be cold.
对，所以数到三--一、二、三，请淹没。 Right, so on the count of three - one, two, three, submerge please.
哦，真冷啊。 Oh, that's cold.
目前，它只是寒冷。 At the moment it is just cold.
'测试有两个部分。 'There are two parts of the test.
'首先，杰夫和我必须承认 'First, Jeff and I must acknowledge
'当我们第一次开始体验疼痛时。 'when we first start to experience pain.'
好了，我现在很痛苦，我想。 OK, I'm in pain now, I think.
感觉就像在结冰。我不敢相信那是4.6。 It feels like it's freezing. I can't believe that's 4.6.
是的，现在开始疼了，现在开始疼了。 Yeah, that's starting to hurt now, it's starting to hurt now.
是啊，哦！ Yeah, ooh!
这真的很痛，不是吗？ It really does hurt, doesn't it?
哦，真的是这样。 Oh, it really does.
这很令人惊讶。哦，不，对了好吧，我现在真想把我的手拿出来。 It's surprising. Oh, no, right OK, I really want to take my hand out now.
'在测试期间的不同时间段，我们还必须对我们的疼痛进行评分。 'At various intervals during the test, we must also rate our pain.'
好吧，我想请你现在对不愉快的事情进行评价 OK, I'm going to ask that you rate now the unpleasantness
和强度。 and the intensity.
这是很冷的。 It's pretty cold.
它真的很冷，而且是一种，是一种不愉快的痛苦，不是吗？ It's really cold and it's an, it is an unpleasant pain, isn't it?
这真的是一个令人不快的... It really is an unpleasant...
是的，问题的一部分是纯粹的冷漠 Yeah, part of the problem is just the sheer coldness
但问题的另一部分是，冷水是 but the other part of the problem is that the cold water is
切断手部的血液供应 cutting off the blood supply to your hand
所以它实际上造成了缺血，而缺血本身是痛苦的，对吗？ so it's actually causing ischaemia which itself is painful, right?
有点像双重打击。 Sort of a double whammy.
缺血性疼痛是最严重的疼痛 An ischaemia pain is the worst pain
你可以真正把人放进去，符合道德。 that you can actually put someone in, ethically.
谢谢，谢谢! Thanks, thanks!
现在他告诉我们。 Now he tells us.
哦，不！哦，上帝。 Oh, no! Oh, God.
所以我很好奇，如果你真的能。 So I'd be curious if you could actually,
如果你现在能在行上做一个X，以便进行二读？ if you could make an X on the line now for a second reading?
让我们看看你的疼痛有什么变化。 Let's see how your pain has changed.
这不是很好。哇！！！ It's not nice. Wow!
好的，七分钟。 OK, seven minutes.
'在杰夫和我遭受任何严重损害之前，测试就已经停止。 'The test is stopped before Jeff and I can suffer any serious damage.'
我们来比较一下评级。你还好吗？ Let's compare ratings. You OK?
哦，现在更疼了。 Oh, it's hurting more now.
是的，会很疼，一两分钟内会更疼。 Yeah, it's going to hurt, it's going to hurt more for a minute or two.
哦，上帝啊!但之后你就会好起来。 Oh, God! But then you'll be fine.
嗯，你可以看到颜色的变化。 Well, you can see the colouration.
'我们都能坚持到最后 'We both last the distance
'但我们对疼痛的体验有什么不同吗？ 'but was there any difference in our experience of the pain?'
所以对你来说，你的不愉快得分大约是10分中的7.5分，所以它 So for you, your unpleasantness score was about a 7.5 on 10, so it
对你来说是非常不愉快的，非常不愉快的，而杰夫却给了一个 was very unpleasant, very unpleasant for you whereas Jeff gave a
评级约为4分，10分中的4分，所以不那么令人不快。 rating of about, it looks about a 4, a 4 on 10 so it was less unpleasant
对你来说，所以对你来说，心理上的成分更加强烈。 for you so the psychological component for you was more intense.
应该说，这是更不愉快的事情。 It was more unpleasant, I should say,
因此，有趣的是，那里有一个区别。 so it's interesting that there's a difference there.
在世界各地的测试中，妇女报告的分数高于 In tests around the world, women report higher scores than
男性的疼痛强度和疼痛的不快感都是如此。 men for both pain intensity and pain unpleasantness.
你认为这是为什么呢？ Why do you think that is?
有很多人研究过疼痛的性别差异 There are a lot of people that have studied sex differences in pain
认为这是由于它的事实 that think it's due to the fact that it
对男人来说，大男子主义和面对痛苦时的坚忍不拔是很重要的。 is important for men to be macho and to be stoic in the face of pain.
还有女人，尽管她们可能想。 And women, although they might want to,
他们当然会被社会所原谅，因为他们并不坚忍不拔。 they're certainly forgiven by society for not being stoic.
当小男孩在操场上受伤的时候。 When little boys injure themselves in the playground,
母亲和父亲告诉他们要吸吮它 mothers and fathers tell them to suck it up
但他们不会对他们的小女孩这样做，对吗？ but they don't do that to their little girls, right?
所以有些人认为这就是性别差异的全部内容 So some people think that that's all that sex differences
在痛苦中归结为。你认为它不止于此吗？ in pain comes down to. Do you think it's more than that?
是的，我们认为，我们认为它不止于此。 Yeah, we think, we think it's more than that.
现在有各种各样的理由相信，有 There's all kinds of reasons to believe now that there's
男性和女性的大脑中不同的神经系统。 different neural systems in the brain in males and females.
杰夫发现，在一些小鼠中，神经通路 Jeff has discovered that in some mice, the neural pathways
男性和女性用于处理疼痛的方法是不同的。 used to process pain are different in males and females.
他认为人类也可能是如此。 He thinks the same could be true in humans.
实际上，我认为这些途径可能是正确的，在同一 I actually think that the pathways are probably right in the same
的地方，但男性系统和女性系统是不同的 place but that the male system and the female system are different
而且它们是相互平行运行的。 and they're running parallel to each other,
而且我们有证据表明，某些基因与疼痛或痛苦有关 and we have evidence that certain genes are involved in pain or pain
在一个性别中抑制，而在另一个性别中根本不参与。 inhibition in one sex and simply not involved in the other sex.
完全没有？一点也不。 Not at all? Not at all.
你可以把它们拿出来，而另一个性别没有任何变化。 You can take them out and nothing changes in the other sex.
我认为有五、六、七个基因，人们认为 I think there's five or six or seven genes where people think
在一个性别中的参与是不同的 the involvement in the one sex is different than
在另一性别中的参与。 the involvement in the other sex.
因此，存在这些真正的生理差异的事实 So the fact that there are these real physiological differences
在男人和女人都在经历痛苦的方式，那 in the way that men and women are experiencing pain, that
必须对药物的开发方式产生相当大的影响。 must have quite big implications for the way that drugs are developed.
是的，我想这是关键所在。 Yeah, I think that's the key.
有很多药物开发正在进行，如果其中任何一个 There's lots of drug development going on and if any of those
药品一旦进入市场并获得批准，我的期望是 drugs ever make it to the market and get approved, my expectation
将是它们在一种性别中起作用，而在另一种性别中根本不起作用。 will be that they will work in one sex and simply not work in the
如果有一天发生这种情况，那将是医学界的第一次。 other sex, and if that ever happens that'll be a first in medicine.
我认为还没有一个这样的例子。 I don't think there's an example of that yet.
我认为我们在这里只是勉强触及了表面。 I think we've only barely scratched the surface here
而且有一座大冰山藏在水底，我们 and that there's a big iceberg hiding under the water that we
和其他人将在未来一段时间内进行开采。 and others are going to mine for some time to come.
在英国，我们已经看到了这方面的初步迹象。 Back in the UK, we're already seeing the first signs of that.
科学家们正在进行可能彻底改变医学的研究。 Scientists are doing research that could revolutionise medical
治疗英国的第三大杀手，中风。 treatment for Britain's third biggest killer, stroke.
当我还是个医科学生时。 When I was a medical student,
我在一个有很多人中风的病房里工作。 I worked on a ward where a lot of people had had strokes.
他们中的大多数是妇女。 Most of them were women.
我们知道，特别是在更年期之后，妇女更容易受到影响。 We know that particularly after the menopause women are much more
患中风的可能性比男性大，而且结果往往更糟。 likely to have a stroke than men and the outcomes tend to be worse.
为什么？ Why?
激素因素可能起到一定作用，但克莱尔-吉布森博士 Hormonal factors may play a part but Dr Claire Gibson
英国莱斯特大学的Jimmy认为可能有另一个原因。 of the University of Leicester thinks there may be another cause.
她一直在研究中风发生时脑细胞如何死亡。 She's been studying how brain cells die when strokes occur.
我们已经发现，在机制上存在着差异 We have discovered that there are differences in the mechanism
在男性和女性的大脑中发生的细胞死亡。 of cell death that occur in the brains of males and females,
在诸如中风的疾病中。 in disorders such as stroke.
当血块或出血切断血液时就会发生脑卒中 Strokes happen when a clot or haemorrhage cuts off blood
到大脑的一部分。 to parts of the brain.
细胞死亡，一些身体功能丧失 Cells die and some bodily functions are lost
但克莱尔发现，这些细胞的死亡模式 but Claire has discovered that the pattern in which these cells die
男性和女性的情况不同 is different in men and women
并可能对未来的治疗产生重要影响。 and may have important implications for future treatment.
目前，唯一可用的治疗方法是 Currently, the only treatment which is available
是为男人和女人准备的。 is for both men and women,
而且可能有些治疗方法对男性比对女性更有效。 and it may be that some treatments may be more effective in men than
妇女，而且有可能我们将能够确定 women, and it may be a possibility that we will be able to identify
只对一种性别起作用而对另一种性别不起作用的治疗。 treatments that only work in one gender and don't work in the other.
这项研究可能有更广泛的影响。 This research could have wider implications.
我认为这种 "一刀切 "的观念可能会影响到所有的人。 I think this notion that one size is going to fit all probably
并非如此，这对于许多复杂的 isn't true and this would be the same for a lot of complex
脑部疾病，如亨廷顿氏病。 brain disorders such as Huntington's disease,
阿尔茨海默病也是如此。 Alzheimer's disease as well.
这些疾病是非常复杂的，因此不太可能 These diseases are very complex and therefore it's unlikely that
我们将找到一种能使所有病人受益的单一药物。 we're going to find one single drug that acts to benefit all patients
遇到这种障碍的人，所以我认为这很可能是 that experience that disorder so I think it's very likely that it
可能会导致下一步的特定性别治疗。 could result in gender-specific treatments down the line.
对我来说，这就是为什么性别差异研究真的很重要。 For me, this is why sex difference research really matters,
帮助我们找到更准确和有效的方法来解决疾病。 helping us find more accurate and effective ways to tackle disease.
关于男性和女性大脑差异的说法 Claims about the differences between male and female brains
可能总是有争议的 may always be controversial
但在我们的调查结束后，我们的观点是否更接近？ but at the end of our investigation, are our views any closer?
那么，你认为如何？ So what do you think then?
好吧，我必须承认我认为这真的非常非常有趣。 Well, I must admit I thought it really, really interesting.
我想对我来说最大的惊喜可能是 I think probably the biggest surprise for me
是围绕疼痛和中风的东西。 was the stuff around pain and around stroke,
当然也是未来最肥沃的领域。 and certainly the most sort of fertile area going forward.
我认为这真的很奇妙，真的很不寻常。 I thought that was really fantastic and really quite extraordinary.
我认为这其中真正重要的事情是 I think the really important thing that's come out of this
但这是大脑的延展性和可塑性。 though is the malleability, the plasticity of the brain.
大脑对其所处的环境作出反应 The brain is responding to the environment it's in
所以我们的性别差异出现了 so we're getting gender differences appearing
因为性别定型观念会影响我们孩子的大脑。 because of gender stereotypes which will affect our children's brains.
我仍然认为有一些荷尔蒙的影响 I still think there is some influence of hormones
在行为上，我觉得这很有说服力。 on behaviour and I find that quite compelling.
我并不是说没有任何先天的差异 I'm not saying there aren't any innate differences
但他们是小的 but they are small
而且它们只能解释个体之间的一小部分变化。 and they only explain a tiny bit of the variation between individuals.
是的，绝对的，我必须承认我同意 Yeah, absolutely, I must admit I agree
因此，我有一个忏悔。 so I have a confession to make.
我真的不是来自火星! I am really not from Mars!
我绝对不是从金星来的! I'm definitely not from Venus!